Taliban: From a group of Students to a terrorist group

The global media has been focusing on the return of the Taliban in Afghanistan in recent years. This complex and unpredictable situation has significant consequences, not just for Afghanistan but for the entire world. In this extensive article, we will explore the origins, progression, and current status of the Taliban in Afghanistan, aiming to provide a thorough understanding of this intricate issue. Afghanistan has faced numerous challenges throughout its history, and the period when the Taliban governed the country was particularly difficult. The Taliban seized power in the 1990s, gaining control of Afghanistan and creating various difficulties. This article will offer a clear account of the Taliban’s background, how they took charge of Afghanistan, the impact of their rule, and its global implications.

Taliban War in Afghanistan: History, Wars, and Timeline

The Taliban originated in Kandahar, a city in southern Afghanistan, around September 1994. In Pashto, the local language, “Taliban” means “students.” They arose in the early 1990s following the Afghan civil war. Initially, they consisted of a group of religious students aiming to enforce a rigid interpretation of Islamic law, known as Sharia, in Afghanistan. Their leader was a man named Mullah Mohammad Omar.

Emerge of Taliban:

The Taliban’s rise can be traced back to the early 1990s, following the departure of Soviet forces from Afghanistan. This left the country in a state of turmoil, with different groups competing for power. It was in this environment that the Taliban started gaining momentum and support. Originally, the Taliban consisted of Afghan religious students who had received education in Pakistani religious schools called madrasas. These students were influenced by a strict interpretation of Islam and aimed to enforce their version of Islamic law, called Sharia. The madrasas they attended received backing from various sources, including certain factions within Pakistani intelligence agencies and sympathetic Arab donors. As the Afghan civil war continued, the Taliban expanded their influence beyond the madrasas. They garnered support from local communities who were tired of the disorder and lawlessness prevailing in the country. By promising stability, security, and the implementation of strict Islamic principles, the Taliban appealed to segments of the Afghan population who were weary of the ongoing conflict and the lack of effective governance.

The capture of Afghanistan by Taliban

In 1996, after fighting many battles, the Taliban captured the capital city of Kabul and established their authority over a significant portion of Afghanistan. They formed a new government known as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. During their reign, the Taliban imposed strict laws and severely limited people’s freedoms, particularly those of women. Women were prohibited from attending school, pursuing employment, or having personal liberties. Furthermore, Afghanistan, under Taliban rule, became a refuge for various terrorist organizations, with the prominent presence of Al-Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden.
After capturing Kabul, the Taliban implemented a series of actions and policies to solidify their control over Afghanistan. Here are some of the key actions taken by the Taliban after capturing Kabul:

1. Imposed Strict Islamic Laws: The Taliban enforced a harsh interpretation of Islamic law, known as Sharia, throughout the country. This included strict rules on morality, dress codes, and behavior, which were rigorously enforced by religious police.
2. Restricted Women’s Rights: Women faced significant restrictions under Taliban rule. They were forbidden from attending school, working outside the home, and even leaving their houses without a male companion. These restrictions severely limited women’s freedoms and opportunities.
3. Suppressed Political Opposition: The Taliban suppressed any form of political opposition, dissent, or freedom of speech. They targeted and eliminated individuals or groups perceived as threats to their regime, leading to a climate of fear and oppression.
4. Controlled Media and Communication: The Taliban tightly controlled media channels and communication networks, restricting access to information and spreading their propaganda. Independent media outlets were shut down, limiting freedom of the press.
5. Provided Safe Haven for Terrorist Organizations: The Taliban provided a safe haven for various terrorist groups, notably Al-Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden. This allowed these organizations to operate and plan attacks from within Afghanistan.

U.S. Intervention and Fall of Taliban

On the morning of September 11, 2001, 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial airplanes of the US. Two of these planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, causing both towers to collapse. Another plane crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The fourth plane, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed into a field in Pennsylvania after passengers attempted to regain control from the hijackers. The attacks resulted in the deaths of nearly 3,000 people, making it one of the deadliest terrorist acts in world history.

In response to the 9/11 attacks, the US, supported by NATO allies, launched Operation Enduring Freedom. The primary objective was to dismantle the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. The main goal of this operation was to dismantle the Taliban regime and eradicate the presence of Al-Qaeda, the terrorist organization responsible for the 9/11 attacks. The focus was on restoring stability, pursuing those involved in terrorism, and preventing future threats to global security.
The impact of the 9/11 attacks on Afghanistan was significant and far-reaching. Here are some key aspects of their impact:

1. The overthrow of the Taliban: Following the 9/11 attacks, the United States, with the backing of its NATO allies, launched military action in Afghanistan. The main objective was to dismantle the Taliban regime, which was providing a safe haven for the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda. The military campaign consisted of a combination of airstrikes, ground operations, and collaboration with Afghan opposition forces. This concerted effort weakened the Taliban’s hold on power, ultimately resulting in their overthrow by the end of 2001. The removal of the Taliban created space for a new political order to take shape in Afghanistan.
2. Transformation in Governance: Following the removal of the Taliban, Afghanistan embarked on a political transformation. An interim government, known as the Afghan Interim Authority, was established in December 2001. This interim government was led by Hamid Karzai and included representatives from various Afghan factions, ethnic groups, and regions.
   In December 2001, the Bonn Agreement was signed. This agreement brought together Afghan factions, regional powers, and international stakeholders to establish a roadmap for the political future of Afghanistan. The agreement outlined a plan for a political transition and the establishment of a more inclusive and representative government.
   As a result, the Transitional Administration of Afghanistan was formed in 2002. This administration helped lay the foundation for a new political system in Afghanistan, with efforts focused on democratization, the protection of human rights, and the establishment of inclusive governance structures. Through a series of elections, starting with the 2004 presidential election, Afghanistan made progress towards forming a more representative government. The Bonn Agreement and subsequent political processes aimed to promote stability, democracy, and the rule of law in Afghanistan.
3. International Involvement: The events of 9/11 brought increased international attention and involvement in Afghanistan. The United States and its allies provided military, financial, and political support to help stabilize the country and rebuild its institutions. NATO also played a significant role in providing security assistance and helping train Afghan security forces.
4. Humanitarian and Socioeconomic Consequences: The conflict and instability resulting from the 9/11 attacks have had significant humanitarian and socioeconomic consequences for Afghanistan. The country has faced mass displacement, loss of life, infrastructure damage, and ongoing challenges in delivering basic services like healthcare and education to its population.

Post-2001 Afghanistan

After the fall of the Taliban in 2001, Afghanistan entered a period of transition, during which the international community, including the United Nations and aid organizations, aimed to stabilize the country and establish democratic institutions. However, Afghanistan faced numerous challenges and setbacks during this time.

Insurgent groups, including the Taliban, continued to operate in remote areas, which undermined the stability of the Afghan government and security forces. These groups exploited vulnerabilities and launched a persistent insurgency. Corruption, tribal conflicts, and economic struggles further complicated the nation-building process.

Over the years, the Taliban gradually regrouped and regained strength. They took advantage of the Afghan government’s weaknesses and launched a relentless insurgency, carrying out attacks and gaining control over certain territories. By 2021, their territorial control had indeed expanded significantly.

The situation in Afghanistan has been complex, and efforts to stabilize the country and establish lasting peace and democracy have faced significant obstacles. As the conflict and political dynamics continue to evolve, it remains crucial for all stakeholders to work towards a sustainable and inclusive peace process to address the challenges facing Afghanistan.

The Withdrawal of U.S. Troops

In August 2021, President Joe Biden announced the complete withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan.
This decision was initiated in 2020 and completed in 2021. The US entered into an agreement with the Taliban in February 2020. This agreement included a timetable for the withdrawal of US and NATO forces from Afghanistan, conditional on the Taliban meeting certain commitments, such as preventing terrorist groups from operating in the country.
The US had domestic political considerations, including public opinion and the desire to end a costly and seemingly endless war. Additionally, international partners were also adjusting their commitments in Afghanistan.

Taliban Returns to Power

Following the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan, Taliban rapidly gained control over various parts of Afghanistan, eventually taking control of the capital city, Kabul. This led to the collapse of the Afghan government and President Ashraf Ghani fleeing the country. 

1. Humanitarian Crisis: The Taliban’s swift rise to power has resulted in a humanitarian crisis, with millions of Afghans displaced and facing urgent needs such as food, healthcare, and shelter. There are concerns about the violation of human rights, particularly for women and girls, as the Taliban reimpose their strict interpretation of Islamic law.
2. International Response: The international community reacted to the developments in Afghanistan with concern and uncertainty. Many countries, including neighboring nations, focused on evacuating their citizens and vulnerable Afghans. Efforts are also being made to coordinate humanitarian aid and support for Afghan refugees.
3. Formation of a New Government: The Taliban announced the establishment of an interim government in Afghanistan. However, this government has faced criticism for its lack of inclusivity, with key positions being filled by Taliban members and individuals affiliated with the group. The international community has raised concerns about the Taliban’s track record and the implications for regional stability.
4. Security Challenges: Afghanistan continues to face security challenges, including the presence of extremist groups such as ISIS-K (Islamic State Khorasan Province). These groups pose a threat to stability and have carried out attacks, including the deadly bombing near Kabul airport during the evacuation efforts.

Consequences of Taliban Rule:

The consequences of Taliban rule in Afghanistan have had significant and particularly adverse impacts on various aspects of Afghan society, especially women and girls. Some key consequences include:

1. Human Rights Violations: The Taliban violated people’s rights, especially women and minority groups. Women were treated very poorly and couldn’t do many things they wanted to do. The Taliban also treated people from different religions and ethnic groups poorly and destroyed their important places and cultural artifacts.
2. Economic Problems: Under the Taliban, Afghanistan’s economy got much worse. The country suffered from a lack of infrastructure, international sanctions, and the destruction caused by the fighting. This made it harder for people to find jobs and pushed many into poverty.
3. Support for Extremist Groups: The Taliban allowed international terrorists, like Al-Qaeda, to use Afghanistan as a safe place. This caused a lot of concern for global security. It eventually led to the United States and other countries invading Afghanistan to get rid of the Taliban and fight against terrorism.
4. Humanitarian Concerns: The international community has expressed deep concerns about the humanitarian situation in Afghanistan, including the impact of Taliban rule on women and children.
5. International Response: Various international organizations and governments continue to monitor the situation and advocate for the protection of women’s rights in Afghanistan.

The consequences of Taliban rule in Afghanistan extend beyond women’s rights, affecting various aspects of governance, security, and society. The international community remains engaged in efforts to address the challenges posed by the Taliban’s return to power.

Global Impact of Taliban Captured Afghanistan especially How it is Affecting India

The recent capture of Afghanistan by the Taliban has raised concerns about its global impact, including its implications for India. The situation in Afghanistan affects India on various fronts.

1. Security Concerns: The Taliban’s resurgence in Afghanistan has raised security concerns for India. The group has a history of sheltering anti-India militant groups, such as Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba, who are responsible for carrying out attacks in India. With the Taliban back in power, there is a risk of these groups regrouping and using Afghanistan as a safe haven to plan and execute attacks against India.
2. Refugees and Humanitarian Crisis: The crisis in Afghanistan has led to a significant influx of Afghan refugees into neighboring countries, including India. This could create socio-economic challenges as India already has a large population and limited resources to cater to their own citizens’ needs. Managing the refugee influx and providing humanitarian assistance can strain India’s resources and infrastructure.
3. Regional Stability: Afghanistan’s instability can have wider regional implications, including its impact on peace and stability in the region. India has been an important stakeholder in Afghanistan’s reconstruction and development efforts over the years. The Taliban’s capture of power could jeopardize India’s interests in the region and its efforts to promote peace, and democracy, and socio-economic development in Afghanistan.
4. Economic and Trade Routes: Afghanistan is strategically located and plays a vital role in connecting South Asia with Central Asia. The instability caused by the Taliban’s capture could disrupt trade routes and economic connectivity. India has invested in various infrastructure projects in Afghanistan, including the Chabahar Port in Iran, which provides India access to Afghanistan and Central Asia. The disruption of these projects and trade routes could have economic repercussions for India.
5. Terrorism and Extremism: The Taliban’s ideology and association with extremist groups raise concerns about the spread of radicalization and terrorism. India has been combating terrorism for years and has suffered from various terrorist attacks. The Taliban’s resurgence could exacerbate the threat of terrorism and extremism in the region, impacting India’s security situation.

Conclusion:

The resurgence of the Taliban in Afghanistan has global implications that extend beyond the borders of the country. Concerns about terrorism, regional stability, and the rights of Afghan citizens have garnered international attention. One of the foremost concerns is the potential for Afghanistan to once again become a safe haven for terrorist organizations. The international community is closely monitoring the situation and considering measures to prevent this from happening.

In conclusion, the resurgence of the Taliban in Afghanistan is a multifaceted issue with deep historical roots and complex geopolitical dimensions. Understanding this complex situation is crucial for policymakers, scholars, and concerned citizens alike. As Afghanistan faces an uncertain future, the world watches, hoping for stability and peace to prevail in this troubled land.